Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius, born as Marcus Annius Verus on 21 April 121, became Roman emperor from 161 to 180. Adopted by Antoninus Pius alongside Lucius Verus, he was groomed for rulership and was influenced by Stoic philosophy, notably by Epictetus. Upon Antoninus's death in 161, Marcus insisted on co-rule with Verus, navigating wars with Parthia and against Germanic tribes. After Verus's death in 169, Marcus contended with Avidius Cassius's revolt and Christian uprisings. His writings, "Meditations," composed during Danube campaigns, reflect his Stoic beliefs, exploring human frailty and acceptance of life’s uncertainties. He died in 180, leaving his son Commodus as co-emperor.